Pauline
Viardot-Garcia, mezzo-soprano, composer and singing teacher, was born
in Paris on 18 July 1821 and died there on 18 May 1910. She was the
youngest daughter of tenor Manuel
del Pópulo Vicente García and mezzo-soprano Joaquina Briones. Her
elder brother was the renowned singing teacher Manuel
Patricio Garcia; her elder sister
was the sensational mezzo-soprano, Maria
Malibran.
As a child, only four years old, she traveled with her family to New
York and Mexico from 1825 through 1829. In Mexico City she began early
studies with Marcos Vega, organist of the cathedral. When eight years,
old she performed at home in Paris for
Gioacchino Rossini, eliciting prophecies that she would equal her
sister as a singer ( Correo
literario y marcantil de Madrid, 14 October 1829; quoted in
Radomski, Manuel García,
p. 282).
She had early lessons in singing with her father. After his death, in
1832, she was tutored by her mother and, especially, by her brother,
Manuel Patricio Garcia. She
later
studied composition with Anton Reicha (1770-1836) at the Paris
Conservatory and
piano with Franz Liszt. Pauline
originally had aspired to a career as a pianist and continued to play
throughout her career. A close friend of Chopin's, she played duets
with him, sang with him as her accompanist and arranged some of his
Mazurkas for voice and piano.
Pauline made her operatic debut
in London on 9 May 1839 (at the age of seventeen) as Desdemona in
Rossini's Otello. Over the
next years she performed other Rossini roles, including Rosina in Il barbiere di Siviglia.
On 18 April 1840 Pauline married the French writer, Louis Viardot
(1800-1883), to whom she had been introduced by her lifelong friend,
George Sand (1808-1875). They had four children: Louise (1841-1918),
Claudie (1852-1914), Marie (18?-1919), and Paul 1857-1941). Louise had
a significant career as contralto and composer as did Paul, as
violinist, conductor and composer.
In 1843 Pauline toured Russia where she met the writer Ivan Turgenev
(1818-1883). He became infatuated with Pauline and, in a somewhat
bizarre relationship, followed her for the rest of his life—despite her
marriage to Viardot.
In 1849 Pauline created the role of Fidès in the premiere of
Meyerbeer's Le prophète
in Paris. Other notable works she premiered were Sapho (1851) by Charles Gounod and
the Alto Rhapsody (1869) by Johannes Brahms.
One of Pauline's greatest roles was that of Orpheus in a revival of Christoph Willibald Gluck's Orphée
et Eurydice in Paris in 1859.
In 1863 she retired in Baden-Baden, due to her husband's political
problems in Paris. After a brief stay in London in 1870 she returned to
Paris where she spent the rest of her days teaching and composing. Of
particular interest among her numerous compositions are the salon
operas composed for her students:
Trop
de femmes (1867), L'ogre
(1868), Le dernier sorcier
(1869), Le conte de fées
(1879) and Cendrillon (1904).
The first three were composed to libretti by Tugenev, the latter two to
her own libretti.
Pauline Viardot's Art:
Of the three children of
Manuel del Pópulo García, Pauline
was probably the most "artistic", in the sense of refinement and depth
of interpretation—although she lacked the glamorous star charisma of
her elder
sister.
In a review of one of her earliest concerts, the writer Alfred de
Musset
(1810-1857) commented:
Elle chante comme elle respire;
She sings as she breathes;
quoiqu'on sache qu'elle n'a que
although one knows that she is only
dix-sept ans, son talent est si naturel,
seventeen years old, her talent is so natural,
qu'on ne pense même pas à s'en
étonner.
that one doesn't think to
be surprised.
Sa physionomie, pleine d'expression,
Her features, full
of
expression,
change avec une rapidité prodigieuse,
change with a
prodigious speed,
avec une liberté extrême, non-seulement
with an extreme liberty, not only
selon le morceau, mais selon la phrase
according to the [entire] piece,
but according to the phrase
qu'elle exécute. Elle possède, en un
mot,
that she executes. She possesses,
in a word,
le grand secret des artistes; avant
the great secret of artists: before
d'exprimer, elle sent. Ce n'est pas sa voix
expressing, she feels.
It is not her voice
qu'elle écoute, c'est son coeur, et si
that she
listens to, it is her heart,
and if
Boileau a eu raison de dire:
Boileau had reason to say:
Ce que l'on
conçoit bien s'exprime clairement,
What one has conceived
well will be expressed clearly,
on peut dire avec assurance: Ce que l'on
one can say with assurance: What
one has
sent bien s'exprime mieux encore.
felt well
will be even better expressed.
(Alfred de Musset,
"Concert de Mademoiselle Garcia," Revue
des Deux Mondes, 1 Janvier 1839, p. 112)
A year later, in the same
journal, George Sand affirmed that Pauline Garcia was a new kind of
singer:
L'apparition de Mlle. Garcia sera un fait
The appearance of
Mlle. Garcia will be
éclatant dans l'histoire de l'art
traité par
a
momentous event in the history of women
les femmes. Le génie de cette musicienne
artists. The genius of
this young musician,
à la fois consommée et inspirée
constate
at the
same time consumate and inspired, constitutes
un progrès d'intelligence qui ne
s'était point
a progress of
intelligence that has never existed
encore manifesté dans le sexe féminin
d'une
in the
feminine sex in
manière aussi concluante. Jusqu'ici on
such
a conclusive manner. Until now
one
avait dû
accorder aux
cantatrices une part
has had to
accord to female singers a part
de puissance égale à celle des plus
grands
of the skill equal to that of the
greatest male
chanteurs. On a dit et écrit souvent que les
singers. It has often been said
that
femmes artistes pouvaient dans l'exécution
female artists could, in
performing,
s'élever au niveau des hommes, mais que
rise to the level of
men, but that
dans la conception des oeuvres d'art, elles
in the
composition of works of art, they
ne pouvaient dépasser une certaine
portée
could not pass beyond a certain level
de talent. On l'a dit moins haut peut-être
of
talent. It has been less often said, perhaps,
depuis que les efforts de quelques-unes
that the efforts of some of these
women have
d'entre elles ont montré une aptitude plus
demonstrated an aptitude more or less
ou moins estimable pour la composition
worthy for musical composition.
musicale. Pour le chant, il faut placer au
As regards song, one must
put in first place
premier rang quelques charmantes mélodies
some charming melodies written by
qu'a écrites Mme Malibran; pour la
scène, les
Mme. Malibran; for the stage, the scores
partitions de Mlle Bertin. Mais voici une fille
of Mlle. Bertin.1
But here is a girl,
de dix-huit ans qui écrit de la musique
eighteen
years old, who has written music
vraiment belle et forte, et de qui des artistes
that is truly beautiful and strong, of which
très compétens et des plus
sévères ont dit:
some very competent and most demanding
"Montrez-nous ces pages, et dites-nous
artists have said: "Show us these
pages, and tell
qu'elles sont inédites de Weber ou de
us
that they are unpublished works of Weber or
Schubert, nous dirons qu'elles sont dignes
Schubert; we will say that they are worthy of
d'être signées par l'un ou l'autre de
ces
being signed by one
or the other of these great
grands noms, et plutôt encore par le premier
names, and rather more by the first than by
que par le second." C'est là, ce nous semble,
second." It seems to us that it is here that
le premier titre de Mlle Garcia à une gloire
Mlle. Garcia lays claim to her premiere title of
impérissable. Supérieure à
toutes les jeunes
imperishable glory. Superior to all the young
cantatrices aujourd'hui connues en France
singers known today in France
par la beauté de sa voix et la perfection de
for the beauty of their voice and the
perfection
son chant, elle peut mourir et ne pas s'envoler
of
their singing, she can die and not flee
comme ces apparitions de chanteurs et de
like these apparitions of singers and
virtuoses qui, renfermés dans une grand
virtuosos who, enclosed in
a great
puissance d'exécution, ne laissent
après
power of
performance, do not leave behind
eux que des souvenirs et des regrets; gloires
them anything but memories and regrets—glories
qui s'effacent comme un beau rêve en
that fade
like a beautiful dream upon
disparaissant de la scène chargées de
disappearing
from the stage, filled with trophies,
trophées, mais condamnées à
périr tout
but
condemned to completely perish,
entières, et de qui l'on peut dire ce qui est
of whom one might say that which is
written
écrit dans le libre divin à propos des
heureux
in the Divine Book in regard to those happy
de ce monde: "Ils ont reçus dès cette
vie leur
in this world: "They have received in this
life
récompense."
their reward."
Mlle Garcia est donc plus qu'une actrice, plus
Mlle.
Garcia is, therefore, more than an actress,
qu'une cantatrice. En l'écoutant, il y a plus
que more
than a singer. In hearing her, there is more
du plaisir et de l'émotion à se
promettre; il y a
pleasure and feeling promised; there is here
là un véritable enseignement, et nous
ne
a real education, and we do not
doubt
doutons pas qu'avec le temps, la haute
that, with time, the high degree
of intelligence
intelligence qu'elle manifeste en chantant la
that she displays in singing the music of
musique des maîtres, ne soit d'une heureuse
masters, will have a good influence on the
influence sur le goût et l'instruction du
public
taste and instruction of the public as well
et des artistes. Elle est un de ces esprits
as of artists. She is one
of these creative spirits
créateurs qui ne s'embarrassent guère
de la
who do not worry about the tradition and
tradition et des usages introduits par les
practices introduced by
the
exigences de la voix ou la fantaisie maladroite
requirements of the voice or the awkward
des
exécutants ses devanciers. Elle entre dans
performance fantasies of
her predecessors.
l'esprit des auteurs; elle est seule avec eux dans
She enters into the
spirit of the composers;
sa pensée, et si elle adopte un trait, si
elle
she is alone with them in her way of
thinking,
prononce une phrase, elle en rétablit le sens
and if she adopts an embellishment, if she
corrompu, elle en retrouve la lettre perdue. Le
sings a phrase, she restores the sense that has
public qui l'aime, mais qui n'a pas encore en
been corrupted, she finds there the lost meaning.
elle toute la confiance qu'elle mérite,
s'étonne
The public, which loves her but which does not
et s'effraie quelquefois de ce qu'il prend pour
yet have the complete confidence in her that she
une innovation. Le public n'est pas assez savant
deserves, is at
times astonished and frightened
pour lui contester avec certitude la liberté
de
by this which it takes to be an innovation.
ses allures. La plupart des journalistes ne le
The public is not knowledgeable enough to respond
sont pas davantage, et moi qui écris ceci, je
le to the
freedom of her musical innovations. The majority
suis moins que le dernier d'entre eux. Mais ce
of
journalists are not much better, and I, who write
que le public, ce que les critiques, ce que
this, am less than the least among
them. But
this which
moi-même pouvons examiner sans craindre
the public, which the critics, which I myself
de faire rire les vrais savans, et sans autre
can examine without fear of making true
conseil que celui de notre logique et de notre
connoisseurs laugh, and without any other
counsel
sentiment, c'est précisément le
sentiment et la
than that of our logic and our feeling, is precisely
logique qui président à ce travail
consciencieux the
feeling and the logic which presides over this
auquel Mlle Garcia soument l'oeuvre qu'elle
conscientious labor to which Mlle. Garcia submits
chante. Jamais elle ne dénature
l'idée, jamais
the piece that she sings. She never kills
the idea,
elle ne substitue son esprit à l'esprit du
never
substitutes her own spirit for the spirit of the
compositeur. Le jour où vous direz: Mozart
composer. When you say, "Mozart didn't
n'eût pas écrit cela, ce jour-là
seulement vous
write that," you only have the right to say
serez en droit de
dire que Mozart ne l'a point
that Mozart didn't write it; but
if you always
écrit; mais si vous retrouvez toujours et
partout and
everywhere find the spirit and feeling of the
l'esprit et le sentiment du maître, vous
pouvez
Master, you can say that if the Master didn't write
dire que si le maître ne l'a pas écrit
ainsi,
it that way, at least he felt it
that way at the moment
c'est ainsi du moins qu'il l'a senti dans le moment
of inspiration and, thus, that
he might have written
de l'inspiration, et c'est ainsi qu'il l'aurait
écrit
it that way the day before or the day after.
Thus
peut-être la veille ou le lendemain. Ainsi
c'est
it is always Mozart, it is always Rossini that we
bien toujours du Mozart, c'est bien toujours du
are
hearing, even when, to satisfy the
Rossini que nous entendons, lors même que
demands of the voice that had to serve to
pour satisfaire aux exigences de la voix qui
interpret his music, Rossini or Mozart
consented
devait lui servir d'interprète, Rossini ou
Mozart
to modify their first draft. ...There is a certain
ont consenti à modifier leur premier jet.
....Il y a
respect for her that truly eminent artists do not
pour lui un certain respect auquel ne se refusent
refuse. I have seen
Rubini rehearsing docilely
pas les artistes vraiment éminents. J'ai vu
with Pauline Garcia, during
intermission, an
Rubini essayer docilement avec Pauline Garcia,
ornament that she
wrote for him, and that the
dans l'entr'acte, un trait qu'elle lui avait soumis,
admirable singer repeated with a naïve and
et que l'admirable chanteur répétait
avec un
generous pleasure. Lablache is proud of
plaisir naïf et généreux.
Lablache est fier d'elle
her as a father is of his child, and Liszt (to
whom
comme un
père l'est de son enfant, et Liszt sera
she is, as pianist, one of his best students) will be
plus heureux de
l'entendre chanter Desdemona
happier
to hear her sing Desdemona and
et
Tancrède, lui dont elle est, comme pianiste,
Tancred, than to receive all the ovations
with which
une des meilleures
élèves, que de toutes les
his good
Hungary awards him.
ovations que sa
bonne Hongrie lui décerne.
(George Sand, "Le
Théâtre-Italien et Mlle. Pauline
Garcia," Revue des deux mondes,
Fevrier, 1840, pp. 586-588)
1Louise Angelique Bertin (1805-1877).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
April FitzLyon, The Price of Genius:
A Biography of Pauline Viardot
(London: John Calder, 1964).
PUBLISHED WORKS OF PAULINE
VIARDOT-GARCIA
“UNA VOCE POCO FA …” ovvero le musiche delle Primedonne
Rossiniane
(collection of songs and arias composed by some of Rossini’s ‘leading
ladies’)
ed. Patricia Adkins Chiti, (Rome: Garamond Edizioni Musicali, c. 1992).
Songs and Duets of
García, Malibran and Viardot: Rediscovered Songs by Legendary Singers,
ed. Patricia Adkins Chiti, Phonetic Transcriptions by John Glenn Paton,
( [Van Nuys, California]: Alfred Publishing Company, Inc., c. 1997).
Twelve Lieder, ed. Catherine
Sentman Anderson, (Bryn Mawr,
Pennsylvania: Hildegard
Publishing Company, c. 1994).
[First published in St. Petersburg in 1864, and issued the following
year by Breitkopf & Härtel in Leipzig, with German
translations by Fr. Bodenstedt]
13 Songs for Voice and Piano
(Fayetteville, Arkansas: Classical
Vocal Reprints, c. 1997), Catalog No. CVR 2641.
Three Duets (Two Voices
and Piano)
(Fayetteville, Arkansas: Classical Vocal Reprints,
c. 1997), Catalog No. CVR 2663.
Havanaise (Habañera)
[Solo Version of Duet (Mezzo-Soprano)]
(Fayetteville, Arkansas: Classical Vocal Reprints,
c. 1997), Catalog No. CVR
(Non-catalog).